Defusion metaphors in ACT: searching for critical components for the transformation of aversive stimulus function in an experimental avoidance task

Abstract

The present paper describes two experimental studies that investigate the effects of clinical metaphors used in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on participants’ performance in an avoidance task. Based on Relational Frame Theory (RFT), the studies were designed as laboratory analogues to examine the effectiveness of interventions using metaphorical language in modulating behavior in the presence of aversive stimuli. Initially, two equivalence classes between meaningless stimuli were established: A1B1C1D1 and A2B2C2D2. Then A1 or B1 was established as an aversive stimulus, evoking avoidance responses, and A2 or B2 as a conditioned reinforcer, evoking point production responses. The transfer of aversive and reinforcing function was then evaluated for C1 and C2 stimuli in the avoidance/approach task and in self-report scales (VAS, US expectation, valence, and semantic differential). In Experiment 1, participants who formed equivalence classes and achieved positive results in transfer of function tests were divided into two groups: Experimental (ACT metaphor “photo album”) and Control (text without therapeutic value). In general, there were no differences between groups regarding the occurrence of avoidance responses or discomfort reported on the scales. In Experiment 2, a pre-post intervention design was employed, and the metaphor was enriched with hierarchical deictic relations (self-as-context) and augmental relations (values). Finally, a reduction in avoidance responses was observed for 60% of the participants; no differences were observed regarding the scales. We conclude that deictic relational responses added to values seem necessary for robust behavioral effects of defusion in laboratory experimental analogues. Isolated and uncontextualized metaphor use tends not to produce significant changes